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Kuwait

https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/

March 2025

Landmark reforms raise marriage age to 18 and abolish ‘honour killing’ leniency

On 16 March, the government gazetted two landmark legal reforms aimed at strengthening protections for women and children. The first reform amends the Personal Status Law by raising the minimum legal marriage age to 18 for both girls and boys, up from 15 and 17 respectively. The second reform repeals Article 153 of the Penal Code, which had allowed courts to reduce sentences for men convicted of ‘honour killings,’ acts of gender-based violence committed against female relatives in the name of family honour. Authorities framed these reforms as fulfilling obligations under the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), with the changes being positively received by civil society organizations.

Sources: Official Gazette of Kuwait (1), Official Gazette of Kuwait (2), Kuwait Times, Arab Times Kuwait, The New Arab

September 2024

Cabinet approves amendments to citizenship law

On 25 September, the Kuwaiti Cabinet approved amendments to the 1959 Nationality Law. These changes end the automatic citizenship granted to foreign wives of Kuwaiti men and expand the government's power to revoke citizenship. Grounds for revocation now include crimes related to honour, integrity, or state security, as well as offenses against religion, the Prophets, or the Emir. Citizenship may also be revoked if an individual was dismissed from a government position for disciplinary reasons, if it is deemed necessary for state interests due to threats to the country's ‘economic or social systems’, or if a person has ties to ‘foreign political organizations.’ Previous instances of citizenship being revoked from political opponents and minorities have raised fears that the amended law may be enforced in an arbitrary and discriminatory manner. The draft law, which is yet to be promulgated by the Emir, was approved by the Cabinet without input from parliament, which was dissolved in May 2024.

Update 1: The amended law came into effect on 24 December following its publication in the official gazette.

Update 2: On 11 March, Kuwait formed a grievance committee, a non-judicial body that will review citizenship revocations. The committee launched an online portal on 4 May to accept appeals for revocations issued between 20 February 2024 and 30 April 2025, receiving over 14,000 appeals by 14 May.

Sources: Kuwait News Agency (1), Arab Times (1), Gulf News, ADHRB, International IDEAKuwait News Agency (2), Kuwait News Agency (3), Kuwait TimesArab Times (2), Democracy for the Arab World Now

May 2024

Kuwait's Emir dissolves parliament and suspends part of the Constitution

On May 10, Kuwait's Emir, Sheikh Meshaal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, issued a decree dissolving the National Assembly and suspending several constitutional provisions. This move follows the April 2024 elections, which followed a previous parliamentary dissolution in February. The decree consolidates legislative and executive powers in the hands of the government and the Emir, who said that this suspension, which could last up to four years, aims to facilitate a ‘comprehensive review’ of the democratic process. The suspension leaves Kuwait without a clear mechanism for reconstituting the dissolved Assembly, and expands executive authority by removing the requirement for legislative review of Emiri decrees and constitutional amendments. Kuwait's suspended constitutional provisions were unique in the Gulf region for granting substantial powers to its parliament.

Sources: Asharq Al-Awsat, Al-Jazeera, Al-Arabiya, The New York Times, Constitute Project

April 2024

Kuwait elects new parliament for fourth year in a row as gridlock persists
Election flag

On 4 April, Kuwait held its fourth national election in four years, attempting to resolve its prolonged political deadlock. The snap election that took place during the month of Ramadan was called after Kuwait’s new emir Sheikh Mishal, who took office last December, dissolved the parliament on 15 February, citing ‘violation of the constitutional principles’. A total of 834,733 Kuwaitis were eligible to vote, and turnout was 62.1 per cent. The electoral result led to little change in the overall parliamentary composition as compared to prior electoral results, with opposition candidates retaining 29 of the 50 eligible seats. A total of 13 women ran for office, with experienced MP Jenan Bushehri being the only elected woman. Shia candidates won a total of eight parliamentary seats. One candidate linked to the Islamic Constitutional Movement, the branch of the Muslim Brotherhood in Kuwait, also secured a seat.

Sources: Aljazeera, Al Araby, International IDEA, Al Qabas, The New York Times

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Global ranking per category of democratic performance in 2024

Chevron
Representation
151/173
Rights
85/173
Rule of Law
61/173
Participation
135/173

Basic Information

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Population Tooltip
4 268 873
System of government
Constitutional Monarchy (Emirate)
Head of government
Prime Minister Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah (since 2024)
Head of government party
Independent
Electoral system for lower or single chamber
Single Non-Transferable Vote
Women in lower or single chamber
3.1%
Women in upper chamber
Not applicable
Last legislative election
2024
Effective number of political parties Tooltip
Not applicable
Head of state
Emir Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (since 2023)
Selection process for head of state
Hereditary or election by hereditary state rulers
Latest Universal Periodic Review (UPR) date
29/01/2020
Latest Universal Periodic Review (UPR) percentage of recommendations supported
76.16%
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Human Rights Treaties

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State Party State party
Signatory Signatory
No Action No action
United Nations Human Right Treaties
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
State Party
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
State Party
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
State Party
Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
State Party
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment
State Party
Convention on the Rights of the Child
State Party
International Convention on Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
No Action
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance 
No Action
International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
State Party
International Labour Organisation Treaties
Forced Labour Convention
State Party
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention
State Party
Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention
State Party
Equal Remuneration Convention
No Action
Abolition of Forced Labour Convention
State Party
Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention
State Party
Convention concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment
State Party
Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
State Party
Regional Treaties
Arab Charter on Human Rights
State Party
in
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Performance by category over the last 6 months

Representation neutral Representation
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Representation neutral Rights
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Representation neutral Rule of law
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Representation neutral Participation
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Global State of Democracy Indices

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Explore the indices
Representation
Representation
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Rights
Rights
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Rule of Law
Rule of Law
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Participation
Participation
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4

Factors of Democratic Performance Over Time

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