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Lebanon

https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/

May 2025

Lebanon holds first municipal elections in nearly a decade

From 4 to 25 May, long-delayed municipal elections were held across all nine governorates, marking the first such vote since 2016. After multiple postponements, the elections represent a significant step toward reestablishing electoral processes at the local level, following political, economic and security challenges. Conducted in four stages, voter turnout varied considerably across regions, ranging from 21.0 per cent in Beirut to 60.2 per cent in the Keserwan district of Mount Lebanon. Approximately 3,000 women ran as candidates in the elections, twice as many as in the previous election in 2016. In addition to municipal councils, voters also elected mukhtars (local officials responsible for civil documentation and serving as liaisons between citizens and state institutions).

Sources: Associated PressL’Orient Today (1), L’Orient Today (2), L’Orient Today (3), MTV Lebanon, Jadaliyya

April 2025

Banking secrecy rules amended in efforts to fight corruption

On 24 April, parliament passed a law easing banking secrecy rules, granting government bodies access to bank records dating back ten years; these data were previously beyond their reach. Under the new legislation, a wide range of actors including the central bank, banking regulators, accredited auditors, the judiciary, tax authorities, and the National Anti-Corruption Commission will be able to request and review financial transactions as far back as 2015. The reform, introduced in response to recommendations from the International Monetary Fund, aims to boost transparency by enabling authorities to better trace suspicious financial flows, detect money laundering, and uncover concealed assets. Investigations related to corruption and financial crimes are also expected to benefit, as prosecutors will now be able to gain access to a larger set of financial history records.

Sources: AnnaharFinancial TimesLBC InternationalL’Orient TodayL’Orient Le Jour

March 2025

Re-authorization of government cooperation allows investigation into Beirut port blast to resume

On 10 March, interim Public Prosecutor Jamal Hajjar overturned a directive by his predecessor, Ghassan Oueidate, which had barred security and judicial authorities from cooperating with Judge Tarek Bitar, the lead investigator of the 2020 Beirut port explosion. In January 2023, Oueidate had controversially ordered the release of 17 detainees linked to the blast and accused Bitar of exceeding his mandate after he indicted several senior officials. By blocking cooperation with Bitar, the investigation was obstructed. While Hajjar’s decision does not reverse the release of the detainees, it restores Bitar’s authority to request evidence and rely on law enforcement to execute summons and arrest warrants, powers previously stripped from him. The move marks a key step in reviving the long-stalled investigation, which resumed in January. After a new cabinet formed in February, Hajjar was confirmed as Chief Public Prosecutor on 31 March, making his appointment permanent after serving in an acting role since early 2024, following Oueidate’s retirement.

Sources: Le Orient L’Jour (1), Le Orient L’Jour (2), Le Orient L’Jour (3), National News Agency, Human Rights Watch, International IDEA

January 2025

Parliament elects Joseph Aoun as president ending deadlock

On 9 January, the Lebanese parliament elected Joseph Aoun as president, ending a political deadlock of two years in which the country had been without a president. On 13 January, Aoun appointed Nawaf Salam, then President of the International Court of Justice, as prime minister, with 84 out of 128 MPs approving the designation. This development ends over two years of political impasse that stalled the presidential and prime ministerial elections and left Lebanon under a caretaker government with limited powers. PM Salam now faces the challenge of forming a new cabinet amid reports of persisting political fragmentation and external pressure over key ministerial appointments. The next parliamentary elections are expected to take place in 2026.

Update: On 8 February, Prime Minister Salam formed a 24-member cabinet. His government secured a parliamentary confidence vote on 26 February, with the backing of 95 out of 128 MPs.

Sources: L’Orient Le Jour, Al Arabiya, Reuters, Al Jazeera, LBCI, Middle East Eye, L’Orient Le Jour (2)

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Global ranking per category of democratic performance in 2024

Chevron
Representation
105/173
Rights
109/173
Rule of Law
144/173
Participation
73/173

Basic Information

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Population Tooltip
5 489 739
System of government
Parliamentary system
Head of government
Prime Minister Nawaf Salam (since 2025)
Head of government party
Independent
Electoral system for lower or single chamber
List Proportional Representation
Women in lower or single chamber
6.3%
Women in upper chamber
Not applicable
Last legislative election
2022
Effective number of political parties
18,43
Head of state
President Joseph Aoun (since 2025)
Selection process for head of state
Indirect election (assembly)
Latest Universal Periodic Review (UPR) date
18/01/2021
Latest Universal Periodic Review (UPR) percentage of recommendations supported
60.27%
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Human Rights Treaties

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State Party State party
Signatory Signatory
No Action No action
United Nations Human Right Treaties
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
State Party
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
State Party
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
State Party
Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
State Party
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment
State Party
Convention on the Rights of the Child
State Party
International Convention on Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
No Action
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance 
Signatory
International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Signatory
International Labour Organisation Treaties
Forced Labour Convention
State Party
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention
No Action
Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention
State Party
Equal Remuneration Convention
State Party
Abolition of Forced Labour Convention
State Party
Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention
State Party
Convention concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment
State Party
Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
State Party
Regional Treaties
Arab Charter on Human Rights
State Party
in
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Performance by category over the last 6 months

Representation neutral Representation
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Representation neutral Rights
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Representation neutral Rule of law
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Representation neutral Participation
Dec 2024
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Global State of Democracy Indices

Hover over the trend lines to see the exact data points across the years

Explore the indices
Representation
Representation
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Rights
Rights
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Rule of Law
Rule of Law
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Participation
Participation
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4

Factors of Democratic Performance Over Time

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