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France

https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/

April 2025

ECHR finds failure to protect three applicants in rape cases

On 24 April, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled that French investigators and courts failed to adequately protect three minors, aged 13, 14 and 16, who had reported rape. The Court found that the criminal proceedings lacked due care, failed to properly account for the applicants’ status as minors and the vulnerable situations at the time of the events. The judgment found violations of the prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment (Article 3) and the right to respect for private life (Article 8) in all cases. It also found a breach of the prohibition of discrimination (Article 14) in one case, due to the national authorities’ use of gender stereotypes and ’moralising and guilt-inducing statements’. France was ordered to pay around EUR 60,000 in financial compensation and legal costs. Parliament is currently considering legislation that would explicitly require ’free and informed’ consent in the Penal Code’s definition of rape.  

Sources: AP News, European Court of Human Rights, La Depeche, European Convention on Human Rights, Jurist News, The Local, Amnesty International, Le Monde 

February 2025

ECHR finds rights violation in death of environmental activist

On 27 February, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) found a violation of the right to life in the case of a student killed during a protest in 2014. The student died as the result of a grenade explosion as police dispersed protesters opposing the construction of a dam in Lisle-sur-Tarn. The dam project was later cancelled, and rallies were organized in tribute to the student across France after his death. The court found authorities failed to ensure the requisite level of protection to avert risk to life, and found failures of the gendarmerie’s management in the conduct of the dispersal operation. The ECHR ordered France to compensate the student’s relatives with a fine (between EUR 5,600 and EUR 16,000). The ruling highlights police tactics and the use of force during protests, prompting calls for reform and setting a precedent for victims of police violence.

Sources: ECHR (1), ECHR (2), RFI, JURIST, RadioFrance, Le Monde, franceinfo, Public Senat 

November 2024

Government presents measures against gender-based violence

In the wake of a national scandal concerning a horrific mass rape, the government announced new measures to combat gender-based violence on 25 November. To improve identification of drug-facilitated sexual assaults and expand support to victims, drug test kits will be reimbursed through the national health insurance programme on a trial basis. Additionally, an awareness campaign, led by the M’endors pas (“Don’t sedate me”) association, will also be launched. An additional 377 hospitals will adopt the current system allowing victims of violence to file a complaint with the police or public prosecutor’s office via the hospital’s emergency or gynecology department by the end of 2025, making it easier for victims to seek justice. The government further committed to increase universal emergency aid for victims of domestic violence from 13 to 20 million euros, and create new shelters for women by the end of 2025. The scandal has sparked protests against gender-based violence across France.  

Sources: France24, AP, Le Monde, RFI, FranceInfo

Court convicts 18 people in human trafficking trial

On 5 November, a court in Lille found 18 people guilty of smuggling migrants in illegal crossings from France to the United Kingdom via small boats. One of the network’s leaders was sentenced to 15 years in prison and a EUR 200,000 fine, while others received sentences ranging from two to 10 years’ imprisonment.  In 2024 alone, more than 56 migrants have died attempting the crossing, underscoring the dangerous conditions of these journeys often in boats exceeding their capacity. Authorities have ramped up efforts to dismantle migrant smuggling networks in recent years, and the judiciary has imposed severe sentences for those convicted. The investigation confirmed the network was one of the main organisers of migrant crossings to the UK between 2020 and 2022, organising an estimated 10,000 small boat crossings, making this a significant step in the fight against organised crime.  

Sources: RFI, Le Monde, BBC, European Council on Refugees and Exiles 

July 2024

No clear majority following snap legislative elections
Election flag

On 30 June, France held early legislative elections. In the first round, 577 seats of the lower parliamentary house, the National Assembly, were contested. A second round of voting took place on 7 July. The newly created coalition of left-wing parties, the New Popular Front (Nouveau Front Populaire, NFP), won 182 seats, followed by the centrist Together (Ensemble) coalition with 168 seats, and the far-right National Rally party with 143 seats. Though the National Rally won the highest vote share in the first round of voting (33.35 per cent of the vote), the second round saw the party fall to third place after other political parties, including those in the New Popular Front and Together coalitions, withdrew 221 candidates to avoid three-way runoffs. Voter turnout was 66.71 per cent in the first round, and 66.63 per cent in the second, significantly higher than the voter turnout in the 2022 legislative elections. In the new legislature, women hold 36 per cent of the seats, compared to 37.3 per cent previously.

Sources: Le Monde (1), Le Monde (2), France Info, Le Figaro, Vie Publique, The New York Times, International IDEA, IPU

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Global ranking per category of democratic performance in 2023

Chevron
Representation
7/173
Rights
30/173
Rule of Law
19/173
Participation
13/173

Basic Information

Chevron
Population Tooltip
68 287 487
System of government
Semi-Presidential system
Head of government
Prime Minister François Bayrou (since 2024)
Head of government party
Democratic Movement (MoDem)
Electoral system for lower or single chamber
Two-Round System
Women in lower or single chamber
36.2%
Women in upper chamber
37.1%
Last legislative election
2024
Effective number of political parties Tooltip
4.24
Head of state
President Emmanuel Macron
Selection process for head of state
Direct election (two-round majority)
Latest Universal Periodic Review (UPR) date
01/05/2023
Latest Universal Periodic Review (UPR) percentage of recommendations supported
77.18%
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Human Rights Treaties

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State Party State party
Signatory Signatory
No Action No action
United Nations Human Right Treaties
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
State Party
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
State Party
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
State Party
Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
State Party
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment
State Party
Convention on the Rights of the Child
State Party
International Convention on Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
No Action
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance 
State Party
International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
State Party
International Labour Organisation Treaties
Forced Labour Convention
State Party
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention
State Party
Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention
State Party
Equal Remuneration Convention
State Party
Abolition of Forced Labour Convention
State Party
Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention
State Party
Convention concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment
State Party
Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
State Party
Regional Treaties
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
State Party
Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
State Party
Protocol No. 4 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
State Party
Protocol No. 6 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
State Party
Protocol No. 7 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
State Party
Protocol No. 12 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
No Action
Protocol No. 13 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
State Party
in
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Performance by category over the last 6 months

Representation neutral Representation
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Representation neutral Rights
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Representation neutral Rule of law
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Representation neutral Participation
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Global State of Democracy Indices

Hover over the trend lines to see the exact data points across the years

Explore the indices
Representation
Representation
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Rights
Rights
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Rule of Law
Rule of Law
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high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Participation
Participation
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/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4

Factors of Democratic Performance Over Time

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