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Zimbabwe

https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/

April 2025

President Mnangagwa enacts bill restricting CSO freedoms

On 11 April, President Emmerson Mnangagwa signed the Private Voluntary Organisations (PVO) Amendment Act into law. This legislation gives authorities broad powers to regulate the governance of civil society organisations (CSOs), under the stated aim of combating terrorism financing and money laundering. It permits investigations into the funding and ownership of CSOs, and authorises the government to deregister or dissolve organisations, seize their assets, and remove or replace their leadership without judicial oversight. The law also introduces severe penalties, including prison sentences of up to 35 years, for offenses such as misrepresentation or illegal financing. Observers have warned that the law is intended to suppress dissent, and that it will restrict civic space and undermine freedoms of association. In response to the passing of the legislation, the European Union announced the suspension of its planned 2025 funding for governance reforms, citing concerns over the constraints on civic space.

Sources: Zimbabwean Government Gazette, ZimLive, ZimEye, European Union Ambassador to Zimbabwe, International IDEA

March 2025

Zimbabweans shut down the country in first mass protest since 2019

On 31 March, Zimbabweans participated in a national ‘stayaway’ that shut down schools, public transport and businesses across the country in the first mass protest since 2019. The stayaway was in response to calls for street protests against President Mnangagwa made by Blessed Geza, a former member of the ruling Zanu-PF party who is pushing for Mnangagwa to be replaced by his vice president, Constantino Chiwenga, citing corruption and economic mismanagement. However, most chose to stay away rather than take to the streets, amid a heightened police presence. The Zimbabwean police said they had arrested 95 protesters and local press reported that nine journalists were briefly detained. The stayaway took place against a backdrop of growing political tensions over attempts by some within Zanu-PF to extend Mnangagwa’s term beyond the constitutionally mandated limit.     

Sources: British Broadcasting Corporation (1), The Africa Report, British Broadcasting Corporation (2), New Zimbabwe, Africa Confidential 

February 2025

Political violence surges amid rising tensions over presidential term extension agenda

Political violence surged in February, driven by rising political tensions over attempts by some within the ruling Zanu-PF party to extend President Mnangagwa’s term beyond the constitutionally mandated limit. These efforts, known as the ‘2030 agenda’, have split the party, pitting Mnangagwa and his allies against another faction led by his vice president. The agenda has also drawn criticism from the political opposition and civil society and has increasingly destabilised the country. The Zimbabwe Peace Project (ZPP), an NGO, reported that 7,292 people had been affected by human rights violations in February, up from 3,161 in January 2025 and 1,460 in December 2024. These violations included threats of violence, politically motivated assaults, unfair distribution of food aid, and restrictions on freedom of assembly, association and expression. The majority of abuses were perpetrated by people connected to Zanu-PF and while most victims were politically unaffiliated, ZPP noted an increase in intra-party violence within the ruling party. 

Sources: ISS Africa, Africa Confidential, Zimbabwe Peace Project (1), Zimbabwe Peace Project (2), Zimbabwe Peace Project (3)  

December 2024

Zimbabwe abolishes the death penalty

On 31 December, President Mnangagwa signed into law the Death Penalty Abolition Bill which, with immediate effect, ends the practice of capital punishment, prohibits Zimbabwean courts from imposing capital sentences and mandates them to re-sentence prisoners who had received a death sentence. The legislation, however, contains a clause authorising the use of the death penalty during a public emergency. Zimbabwe has not carried out the death penalty since 2005, but prior to the legal abolition of the practice courts had continued to hand down capital sentences and, according to Amnesty International, there were at least 59 people on death row at the end of 2023.  

Sources: Death Penalty Abolition Act, The Herald, Amnesty International

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Global ranking per category of democratic performance in 2023

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Representation
117/173
Rights
114/173
Rule of Law
147/173
Participation
104/173

Basic Information

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Population Tooltip
16 320 537
System of government
Presidential system
Head of government
President Emmerson Mnangagwa (since 2017)
Head of government party
ZANU-PF (Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front)
Electoral system for lower or single chamber
Parallel
Women in lower or single chamber
28.1%
Women in upper chamber
49.3%
Last legislative election
2023
Head of state
President Emmerson Mnangagwa
Selection process for head of state
Direct election (two-round majority)
Latest Universal Periodic Review (UPR) date
26/01/2022
Latest Universal Periodic Review (UPR) percentage of recommendations supported
63.64%
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Human Rights Treaties

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State Party State party
Signatory Signatory
No Action No action
United Nations Human Right Treaties
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
State Party
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
State Party
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
State Party
Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
State Party
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment
No Action
Convention on the Rights of the Child
State Party
International Convention on Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
No Action
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance 
No Action
International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
State Party
International Labour Organisation Treaties
Forced Labour Convention
State Party
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention
State Party
Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention
State Party
Equal Remuneration Convention
State Party
Abolition of Forced Labour Convention
State Party
Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention
State Party
Convention concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment
State Party
Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
State Party
Regional Treaties
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
State Party
in
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Performance by category over the last 6 months

Representation neutral Representation
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Representation neutral Rights
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Representation neutral Rule of law
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Representation neutral Participation
Dec 2024
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Global State of Democracy Indices

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Explore the indices
Representation
Representation
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Rights
Rights
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Rule of Law
Rule of Law
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Participation
Participation
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4

Factors of Democratic Performance Over Time

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