
Libya

Libya performs at a low level across all categories of the Global State of Democracy framework. Contemporary life in Libya is coloured by a 13-years long civil conflict, marked by a severe humanitarian crisis, a devastated economy and persistent political instability. Compared to five years ago, measures of Economic Equality have notably declined. The conflict has also severely impacted the oil sector, which accounts for two-thirds of the country’s GDP.
Libya gained independence as a constitutional monarchy in 1951, following a period of Italian colonization (1912-1947) and occupation by British and French forces (1943-1951). The legacy of Ottoman rule (1551 – 1911), during which various provinces had their own administrations, has left behind ongoing centralization challenges. In 1969, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi overthrew King Idris I in a coup, instituting his "Jamahiriya" system, which rejected political parties in favor of direct governance and centralized rule. His 42-year autocratic regime ended in 2011 after a popular uprising that escalated into civil war and, coupled with a NATO intervention, led to Gaddafi’s overthrow and death.
Since Gaddafi's fall, Libya has lacked a unified government with nationwide authority. After a brief transition from 2012 to 2014, multiple attempts at unification have failed. Libya is now split between two rival administrations: the UN-backed Government of National Unity (GNU) and the Government of National Stability (GNS). Despite its attempts at inclusivity of different political factions through a quota-based system, the GNU, led by Abdul Hamid Dbeibah in Tripoli, faces criticism for overextending its mandate, relying on militias and cracking down on civil society. The GNS is supported by the House of Representatives (HoR) and Khalifa Haftar’s Libyan National Army (LNA), which has curbed dissent in the east. Foreign involvement deepens these divides. Competition over oil resources limits revenue and fuels ongoing disputes.
Tripoli, the western capital, benefits from better infrastructure but suffers frequent destabilization due to militia violence. In contrast, Eastern Libya enjoys improved security and rapid reconstruction, driven by the LNA's military dominance and access to significant funding. The southern region, largely outside GNU and GNS control, experiences severe neglect and lawlessness. This instability has led to protests targeting oil facilities, with local residents demanding improved services and a fairer distribution of resources.
Efforts to organize elections have seen some progress, but the lack of a comprehensive constitutional and electoral framework has led to popular frustration. The humanitarian crisis, marked by human rights abuses, internal displacement, and food insecurity, is compounded by Libya’s role as a major transit hub for EU-bound migrants. Migrants and asylum-seekers face dire conditions and risk abuse and violent detention by Libyan forces, supported by Frontex, while awaiting passage to Europe.
Libya also struggles with severe gender inequality. Violence against women and girls is exacerbated by widespread insecurity, impunity, and the proliferation of armed groups and weapons. Additionally, women experience political underrepresentation, restricted freedom of movement, and discriminatory family laws.
Looking forward, progress towards elections and the establishment of a unified government is crucial. Key areas to watch include a potential referendum on a draft constitution, resolutions to central bank governance disputes, and security sector reforms. While comprehensive peace talks remain elusive, any steps toward de-escalation or renewed dialogue will be crucial to watch.
Last updated: September 2024
https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/
April 2025
Tripoli authorities suspend NGOs providing aid to migrants
On 2 April, the Internal Security Agency (ISA), an agency of the Tripoli-based Government of National Unity, suspended the operations of 10 international non-governmental organisations (NGOs) involved in providing humanitarian assistance to migrants. Authorities stated that the organizations were involved in financial irregularities and activities considered a threat to national security and the country’s ‘demographic composition’, alleging that the organisations supported the settlement of sub-Saharan migrants. The suspension is expected to disrupt aid and protection efforts for migrant communities. Over 700,000 migrants currently reside in the country, according to the International Organization for Migration.
Sources: Al Wasat, Associated Press, The New Arab, International Commission of Jurists, Libya Herald, International Organization for Migration
February 2025
Two suspected migrant mass graves found in southeast
In early February, Libyan security forces uncovered two mass graves in the southeastern desert, believed to contain the remains of migrants. The first site was found in Jikharra, and the second in the Al-Kufra district. By 19 February, a total of 93 bodies had been exhumed from both locations, according to the United Nations (UN). The International Organization for Migration (IOM) reported that the victims' nationalities and causes of death remain unknown, though some showed signs of gunshot wounds. The discovery of the graves came in connection to a raid on suspected human trafficking sites, where 76 migrants were freed and three suspects arrested. In 2024, the IOM’s Missing Migrants Project recorded 965 deaths and disappearances of migrants in Libya.
Sources: International Organisation for Migration, United Nations, Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
November 2024
Interior Minister announces reinstatement of morality police
On 6 November, Libya's Interior Minister, Imad Al-Trabelsi, announced the reinstatement of the ‘morality police’, officially known as the Public Morality Protection Unit, scheduled to begin operations in December. This unit will enforce ‘traditional’ social norms, particularly impacting women and girls, such as mandatory veiling for those over the age of nine, limitations on gender mixing in public spaces, and a requirement that women have a male guardian when they travel abroad. Rights groups warn the measures threaten women's rights, including their bodily autonomy, and may violate Article 7 of Libya's 2011 constitutional declaration, which guarantees personal freedoms. Observers also foresee expedite arrests of women. The ‘morality police’, previously dissolved in 2011, will be based in Tripoli under the Government of National Unity (GNU). This decision follows the creation of the ‘Guardians of Virtue’ program by the GNU in May 2023, an initiative aimed at upholding Islamic values.
Sources: Asharq Al-Awsat, Middle East Eye, Amnesty International, International Commission of Jurists, Middle East Monitor, DW, Human Rights Watch
First phase of unified municipal elections in a decade concludes
On 16 November, Libya completed the first phase of its municipal elections, which were held across 58 municipalities. This is the first time since 2014 that unified local elections were held simultaneously in the country’s eastern and western regions. The elections saw a high voter turnout of 77.2 per cent out of approximately 210,000 registered voters. While women’s voter registration was low, 73.4 per cent of those registered participated. In terms of candidacy, only 3 per cent of independent candidates and 30 per cent of list candidates were women. A 2021 quota system guarantees at least one seat for women in each municipal council. Although the elections were held in both eastern and western regions, territorial control over Libya remains fragmented. A second phase of municipal elections in 59 other municipalities is scheduled for January 2025. Municipal elections are considered a vital initial step toward other electoral processes in the country, including long-delayed parliamentary and presidential elections.
Sources: HNEC, Libya Review, Al Wasat, Middle East Monitor, UNSMIL, International IDEA (1), International IDEA (2), UN Women
July 2024
Libyan voters register to participate in planned municipal elections
The High National Elections Commission (HNEC) in Libya announced that 176,339 voters, including 47,979 women, have registered to participate in the upcoming elections for 60 of the country’s 106 municipal councils. The elections are scheduled for 27 August and are due to be followed by elections for the remainder of the councils. Despite backing from both the Government of National Unity (GNU) and the House of Representatives (HoR), media reports suggest that many Libyans remain skeptical of the electoral process due to the country’s de facto division. Voter registration, particularly among women, remains notably low. Efforts by the HNEC and the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) to boost registration encountered significant obstacles, with reports indicating that 10 out of 12 centers in Libya’s eastern municipalities were unable to open. While municipal elections are considered a vital initial step toward establishing broader electoral procedures in the country, there is still uncertainty as to whether these elections will be held.
Sources: HNEC, Al Araby Al Jadeed, Libya Al Ahrar, Al Watan, UNSMIL
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Global ranking per category of democratic performance in 2023
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