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Nicaragua

https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/

May 2025

Constitutional amendments will end dual nationality
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On 16 May, the National Assembly passed executive-initiated amendments to the constitution, which strip Nicaraguans of their nationality, if they acquire a second nationality. The move has been justified by the Ortega-Murillo government as a consequence of the alleged dissolution of the legal and moral link between Nicaraguans and their country when they pledge loyalty to another country. The new provisions do not state if the measure will be applied to those who already possess multiple nationalities, or if other measures will be taken against those affected; however, the Assembly’s president said it would not be enforced retroactively. Nicaraguans living in exile, who have already been deprived of their nationality for their dissidence, have had assets confiscated. The amendments will need to be ratified in the next legislature to enter into force.

Sources: DW, El Pais, Infobae, Asamblea Nacional (1), Asamblea Nacional (2)

Judicial orders will require National Police approval

On 4 May, the National Police issued a memorandum to the judiciary, in which it asserted that certain judicial orders will require the approval of the head of the National Police before they are enforced. These include warrants related to arrests for certain crimes (fraud, scams and offenses relative to property) and certain judicial-approved procedures, such as embargos, evictions and debt-related asset repossession. The measure further undermines judicial independence, as it subordinates judicial orders to National Police approval.

Sources: Newsweek, El Pais

January 2025

National Assembly ratifies constitutional amendments that establish Ortega-Murillo ‘co-presidency’

On 28 January, the National Assembly ratified a package of constitutional amendments that further executive aggrandizement in Nicaragua. They include the establishment of the role of ‘co-presidents’, which the Assembly claims is aimed to fully guarantee women’s political participation on equal terms with men (one co-president is to be a man, and one a woman), along with other provisions on the subject. The amended provisions also extend presidential terms from five to six years and acknowledge that co-presidents Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo (Ortega’s wife and current Vice-President) will coordinate the legislative, judicial and electoral bodies (among others). The package, initially approved in a first reading in November, also enhances the role of the military, codifies deprivation of citizenship as punishment for crimes such as treason, and effectively excludes opposition members and those in exile from running for co-president, by establishing a six-year residency requirement for candidates. 

 Sources:Asamblea Nacional, CNN, International IDEA

November 2024

Constitutional amendments to give more power to the Ortega-Murillo regime
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A package of Executive-initiated constitutional amendments was approved in a first reading by the National Assembly. The amendments would give more power to President Daniel Ortega and elevate the position of Rosario Murillo (Ortega’s wife) from Vice-President to Co-President. The amendments formalize in the constitution the aggrandizement of the co-presidents’ power over other branches of government and electoral bodies. They would also extend the term of presidency from five to six years, adopt the flag of the ruling Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN) party as a national symbol, enhance the role of the military and enshrine in the constitution the ability to strip Nicaraguan nationals of their citizenship as a sanction for crimes such as treason. The package of amendments needs to be ratified by the National Assembly next year (as constitutional amendments need to be approved in two legislatures) but are expected to pass as early as January.

Sources: Voz de América, CNN, The Guardian, DW

September 2024

Legislature passes amendments to further silence critics

The National Assembly passed executive-initiated amendments to the criminal code and legislation on cybercrime and financial analysis. The amendments further criminalize dissidence, enabling the prosecution of vaguely-described illicit acts such as crimes against national security and public administration, including when committed through social media and by nationals and foreigners outside Nicaraguan territory. The amendments broaden who can be prosecuted, including people who “facilitate” crimes. Harsher prison sentences and the confiscation of assets were also introduced. Experts note the express criminalization of conduct on social media could induce a chilling effect, which will be compounded by the threat of ‘transnational’ prosecutions. Notably, an amendment to the Financial Analysis Unit bill will scrutinize citizens living abroad who send remittances to Nicaraguan beneficiaries and the beneficiaries themselves, a circumstance that particularly imperils family members of exiled critics of the regime.

Sources:  Asamblea Nacional de Nicaragua (1), Asamblea Nacional de Nicaragua (2), El Pais (1), El País (2), Infobae

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Global ranking per category of democratic performance in 2024

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Representation
144/173
Rights
169/173
Rule of Law
168/173
Participation
167/173

Basic Information

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Population Tooltip
6 948 392
System of government
Presidential system
Head of government
President Daniel Ortega (since 2007)
Head of government party
Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN)
Electoral system for lower or single chamber
List Proportional Representation
Women in lower or single chamber
53.9%
Women in upper chamber
Not applicable
Last legislative election
2021
Effective number of political parties Tooltip
2.15
Head of state
President Daniel Ortega
Selection process for head of state
Direct election (plurality)
Latest Universal Periodic Review (UPR) date
15/05/2019
Latest Universal Periodic Review (UPR) percentage of recommendations supported
52.12%
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Human Rights Treaties

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State Party State party
Signatory Signatory
No Action No action
United Nations Human Right Treaties
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
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International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
State Party
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
State Party
Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
State Party
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment
State Party
Convention on the Rights of the Child
State Party
International Convention on Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
State Party
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance 
No Action
International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
State Party
International Labour Organisation Treaties
Forced Labour Convention
State Party
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention
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Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention
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Equal Remuneration Convention
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Abolition of Forced Labour Convention
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Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention
State Party
Convention concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment
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Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
State Party
Regional Treaties
American Convention on Human Rights
State Party
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
State Party
in
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Performance by category over the last 6 months

Representation neutral Representation
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Representation neutral Rights
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Representation neutral Rule of law
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Representation neutral Participation
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Global State of Democracy Indices

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Explore the indices
Representation
Representation
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Rights
Rights
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Rule of Law
Rule of Law
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high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Participation
Participation
0
/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4

Factors of Democratic Performance Over Time

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