Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan exhibits low performance in all four categories in the Global State of Democracy (GSoD) framework, and is in the bottom 25 per cent globally in most factors. It has not experienced a significant decline or advance over the past five years. The country’s government and economy have largely been controlled by the family and close associates of Presidents Heydar (1993-2003) and Ilham Aliyev (2003-present). A major player in the oil industry since the 19th century, Azerbaijan’s economy is dependent on petrochemical exports and industries that allow elites to recycle petrodollars domestically, such as in construction.
The country’s defining political issue, dating back to its time as a part of the Soviet Union, has been the status of Nagorno-Karabakh, an ethnic Armenian enclave over which Azerbaijan fought two wars with neighboring Armenia before ethnically cleansing the Armenian population, disestablishing the de facto Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and reintegrating the region in late 2023. The First Nagorno-Karabakh War arose out of a movement for Karabakh Armenian independence during perestroika, which escalated into intercommunal violence, pogroms, and attacks on civilians. The war ended in an Azerbaijani defeat, widespread ethnic cleansing and population transfers, tens of thousands of deaths, the displacement of over one million Armenians and Azerbaijanis, and the formation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.
Although it historically hosted large Russian, Armenian, Talysh, Jewish, and other minorities, wartime population transfers, outmigration, and assimilation have created a modern Azerbaijan that is over 90 per cent ethnic Azerbaijani; though nearly entirely Muslim, religion has historically played little role in Azerbaijani politics, a trend strengthened by the arising of a distinct secular Azerbaijani identity in the early twentieth century and the intentional ‘de-Islamization’ of public life under the Soviet Union. After decades of personalized authoritarian rule, much of the population is depoliticized, although small, but heavily suppressed opposition parties such as the national-conservative Popular Front Party, the pan-Turkist Musavat, and Shi’a Islamist Muslim Unity Movement maintain committed followings.
The pre-Soviet Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was the first Musilm-majority country to enfranchise women in 1918 and since independence in 1991 equal rights have been guaranteed by law. However, gender violence and inequalities manifest in education, employment, and political participation and continue to negatively impact women. Furthermore, the increased visibility of feminist and LGBTQIA+ activists in recent years has been met with a violent backlash.
An influx of petrochemical wealth from the late 1990s through the mid-2000s following the construction of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) oil pipeline and the discovery of the Shah Deniz gas field enabled the ruling elite to entrench complete political and economic control over the country. Political opposition movements, human rights activists, and independent journalists are frequently jailed and persecuted, and election outcomes are preordained. In 2025, the government began shutting down international media outlets and organizations, such as the Red Cross, operating in the country as well. Numerous bribery, embezzlement, and grand corruption scandals continue to taint the regime.
Looking forward, Shifting regional politics may lessen pressure on Azerbaijan to pay lip service to democratic norms, and recent years have seen the return of arbitrary prosecutions of journalists, civil society activists and opposition politicians. As a result Civil Liberties and Access to Justice scores are likely to decline in next several years. However, Freedom of Movement would increase if the country were to open its land borders – closed in 2020 as a Covid-19 protective measure but as of may 2025 not yet reopened - to civilian traffic.
Updated: May 2025
https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/
March 2025
International organizations told to close offices and civil society pressured
The Azerbaijani government arrested, interrogated, and publicly accused many civil society activists and development workers of ‘acting against state interests’ in March. Country offices for United Nations organizations, the Red Cross, and more were ordered to close. The heads of two civil society organisations were placed in pre-trial detention on charges of illegally implementing foreign-funded grant projects, and many others were pressured or interrogated on similar charges for foreign-funded work that had been properly registered with the government at the time. Government spokespeople also said the work of international organizations is no longer needed due to the country’s economic development, but that some work would continue on a project-by-project basis. Media reports indicated the reason for the closures may instead be the reluctance of international officials to make official visits to the territories in Nagorno-Karabakh over which Azerbaijan gained control in 2020 and 2023.
Sources: OC Media (1), OC Media (2), Turkiye Today, World Bank
February 2025
End of an era as Azerbaijan shuts out foreign media
The Azerbaijani government cancelled the accreditation of journalists working at four international media outlets in February: Bloomberg News, Voice of America, BBC Azerbaijan and Russia’s state media outlet Sputnik. Following a year of escalating attacks on independent Azerbaijani media, the moves leave the country essentially without accredited independent Azerbaijani or international journalists. The BBC and Sputnik, which also cover local and international news for an Azerbaijani audience, announced they had closed their offices after being ordered verbally to suspend operations. Turan News Agency, the country’s only news agency not under state control, also announced its closure on 14 February, citing a “political order” to cease operations.
Turan had operated since 1990, and the BBC Azerbaijani Service since 1994. The status of the Voice of America’s operations was unclear in February as the US-government backed agency did not return a media request for comment.
Sources: Turan News Agency, OC Media, Eurasianet
January 2025
Authorities crack down on protesters in southern village
Protests broke out in the southern Azerbaijani village of Yalavaj on 19 January after a speeding police car swerved to avoid another vehicle and hit four children walking on the sidewalk, killing three. Authorities responded by locking down the city with internal troops, detaining over 100 people, shutting off the internet and mobile services in the area, and reportedly torturing those who took part in the protest or posted comments critical of the police on social media. A total of 14 people were arrested and sentenced to three months imprisonment on charges of disorderly conduct. The Ministry of Internal Affairs published a manipulated dashcam video of the accident to hide that police were speeding and were responsible for the accident, which also showed the other vehicle making a routine turn. No police have been punished.
December 2024
Arrest of journalists signals closing media environment
Azerbaijani police detained seven journalists on 8 December on charges of smuggling “illegal money” into the country, bringing the total number of journalists facing similar charges to 22. The arrests mark the first major crackdown on civil society since presidential elections in January 2024 and the COP climate conference in November. Those events, by attracting international attention, were believed to have precipitated previous rounds of arrests, and this latest round indicates the pressure on civil society and closing of the media space is set to become the new status quo. Six of the journalists are affiliated with high-profile independent media outlet Meydan TV. The new arrests, part of a year-long crackdown, were condemned by international right organizations and as with previous cases, the charges are widely believed to be fabricated.
Update: On 20 June, eight journalists from Abzas Media and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty’s Azerbaijani services were sentenced to between 7.5 and 15 years in prison. Academic, essayist and peace activist Bahruz Samadov was also sentenced to 15 years in prison on treason charges on 23 June. These sentences bring the total number of imprisoned journalists and media workers in the country to 21 as of June 2025.
Sources: Eurasianet, International IDEA, Meydan TV, BBC Russian, Committee to Protect Journalists
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