Acknowledgements  

About this Guide  

Phase 1: The legal and institutional framework  
Introduction
1. Contested electoral law  
2. An unfit electoral system  
3. Inadequate electoral administrative rules  

Phase 2: Planning and implementation  
Introduction
4. Poor performance of the electoral management bodies 
5. An inadequate system for the resolution of electoral disputes  
6. Inadequate operational planning 
7. Inadequate funding, financing and budgeting  
8. Inadequate electoral security arrangements  

Phase 3: Training and education  
Introduction
9. Poor training for election officials  
10. Lack of training for political parties and media  
11. Lack of training of security sector agencies  
12. A poor voter information campaign  

Phase 4: Registration  
Introduction
13. Problematic voter registration  
14. Problematic registration of political parties and candidates 
15. Problematic accreditation of domestic and international observers 

Phase 5: Electoral campaign  
Introduction
16. Unequal media access and favouritism  
17. Provocative use of media by political parties  
18. Provocative party rallying  
19. Provocative and violent actions by political parties

Phase 6: Voting operations and election day  
Introduction
20. Insufficiency, destruction and loss of sensitive and non-sensitive materials  
21. Lack of transparency of special and external voting  
22. Problematic election-day operations  
23. Problematic ballot counting and result tallying  

Phase 7: Verification of results  
Introduction
24. Poor management of election results 
25. Poor management of the final round of electoral appeals 
26. Rejection of the election results 

References  

About the authors  

About the ERM Tool  

About International IDEA