A map of external voting practices in 214 countries and related territories

Introduction
Nadja Braun and Maria Gratschew

1. External Voting: a comparative overview
Carlos Navarro, Isabel Morales and Maria Gratschew

2. The history and politics of external voting
Andrew Ellis

Case studies
The Cook Islands: seat for overseas voters abolished - Graham Hassall
Indonesia: a long-established system for external voting at diplomatic missions - Alan Wall
Zimbabwe: highly restrictive provisions - Ozias Tungwarara
Mozambique: a system that is too subjective? - Simon-Pierre Nanitelamio

3. The legal framework and an overview of electoral legislation
Dieter Nohlen and Florian Grotz

Case studies
Colombia: representation of emigrants in the Congress - Nydia Restrepo de Acosta
Portugal: extended voting rights and decreasing participation - Marina Costa Lobo

4. Entitlement to vote
Phil Green

Case studies
Senegal: a significant external electorate - Richard Vengroff
The Marshall Islands: a high proportion of external voters - Jon Fraenkel

5. The implementation of external voting
Judy Thompson

Case studies
Brazil: compulsory voting and renewed interest among external voters - Leticia Calderón-Chelius
Honduras: a decision based on political calculations - Jacobo Hernández Cruz

6. Host country
Brett Lacy

7. The political rights of refugees and displaced persons: enfranchisement and participation
Jeff Fischer

Case studies
Afghanistan’s 2004 presidential election: external voting for a large displaced population - Catinca Slavu
Bosnia and Herzegovina: post-war trends in external voting - Linda Edgeworth and Nada Hadzimehic
Iraq: a large diaspora and security concerns - Judy Thompson

8. The political rights of migrant workers and external voting
Carlos Navarro Fierro

Case studies
The Dominican Republic: political agreement in response to demands for the right to vote from abroad - Luis Arias Núñez
Mexico: safeguarding the integrity of the electoral process - Carlos Navarro Fierro and Manuel Carillo
The Philippines: the first experience of external voting - Philippines Committee on Overseas Absentee Voting
Cape Verde: a large diaspora and low turnout by external voters - Nuias Silva and Arlinda Chantre

9. Observation of external voting
Kåre Vollan

10. E-voting and external voting
Nadja Braun

Case studies
Estonia: more options for external voting - Epp Maaten
Switzerland: external voting in a federal state with direct democracy - Nadja Braun

Annex A. External voting: a world survey of 214 countries and territories

Annex B. Glossary of terms

Annex C. References and further readings

Annex D. The cost of external voting: some examples

Annex E. About the contributors