Ten years into the devastating conflict between Ansar Allah and Yemen’s internationally recognized government, governance has undergone significant transformations. In 2025, local and substate governance structures across Yemen present a diverse and evolving landscape, indicative of the complex realities on the ground.

This report delves into the myriad forms of governance that exist in Yemen in 2025 and examines some of the future constitutional challenges these forms may present. As fragmentation and contestation affect an increasing number of countries globally, this study provides essential insights into the analytical challenges faced by various decision makers and analysts. It also offers a critical insight into the fluid nature of governance in a rapidly changing world.