Estonia
Question | Value |
---|---|
1. Is there a ban on donations from foreign interests to political parties? |
Code
Yes
Comment
There is a ban on donations from foreign interests, except for donations by persons holding the permanent right of residence or the status of a long-term resident in Estonia. Source
A donation that does not comply with the terms and conditions laid down in subsection (1) of this section is prohibited. Above all, the following is prohibited: […] |
2. Is there a ban on donations from foreign interests to candidates? |
Code
Yes
Comment
There is a ban on donations from foreign interests, except for donations by persons holding the permanent right of residence or the status of a long-term resident in Source
The sources of funding of the election campaign of a single candidate include: A donation that does not comply with the terms and conditions laid down in subsection (1) of this section is prohibited. Above all, the following is prohibited: […] |
3. Is there a ban on corporate donations to political parties? |
Code
Yes
Source
A donation that does not comply with the terms and conditions laid down in subsection (1) of this section is prohibited. Above all, the following is prohibited: […] |
4. Is there a ban on corporate donations to candidates? |
Code
Yes
Source
The sources of funding of the election campaign of a single candidate include: A donation that does not comply with the terms and conditions laid down in subsection (1) of this section is prohibited. Above all, the following is prohibited: […] |
5. Is there a ban on donations from Trade Unions to political parties? |
Code
Yes
Comment
All donations from legal persons are banned. Source
A donation that does not comply with the terms and conditions laid down in subsection (1) of this section is prohibited. Above all, the following is prohibited: […] |
6. Is there a ban on donations from Trade Unions to candidates? |
Code
Yes
Comment
All donations from legal persons are banned. Source
The sources of funding of the election campaign of a single candidate include: A donation that does not comply with the terms and conditions laid down in subsection (1) of this section is prohibited. Above all, the following is prohibited: […] |
7. Is there a ban on anonymous donations to political parties? |
Code
Yes
Source
A donation that does not comply with the terms and conditions laid down in subsection (1) of this section is prohibited. Above all, the following is prohibited: […] |
8. Is there a ban on anonymous donations to candidates? |
Code
Yes
Source
The sources of funding of the election campaign of a single candidate include: A donation that does not comply with the terms and conditions laid down in subsection (1) of this section is prohibited. Above all, the following is prohibited: […] |
9. Is there a ban on donations from corporations with government contracts to political parties? |
Code
Yes
Comment
All donations from legal persons are banned. Source
A donation that does not comply with the terms and conditions laid down in subsection (1) of this section is prohibited. Above all, the following is prohibited: […] |
10. Is there a ban on donations from corporations with government contracts to candidates? |
Code
Yes
Comment
All donations from legal persons are banned. Source
The sources of funding of the election campaign of a single candidate include: A donation that does not comply with the terms and conditions laid down in subsection (1) of this section is prohibited. Above all, the following is prohibited: […] |
11. Is there a ban on donations from corporations with partial government ownership to political parties? |
Code
Yes
Comment
All donations from legal persons are banned. Source
A donation that does not comply with the terms and conditions laid down in subsection (1) of this section is prohibited. Above all, the following is prohibited: […] |
12. Is there a ban on donations from corporations with partial government ownership to candidates? |
Code
Yes
Comment
All donations from legal persons are banned. Source
The sources of funding of the election campaign of a single candidate include: A donation that does not comply with the terms and conditions laid down in subsection (1) of this section is prohibited. Above all, the following is prohibited: […] |
13. Is there a ban on the use of state resources in favour or against a political party or candidate? |
Code
Yes
Source
A political party is prohibited to use public funds for conducting or organising the election campaign of the political party or a person running in the list of the political party, except for the allocations from the state budget based on this Act. An election coalition, single candidate, person running in the list of a political party and person running in the list of an election coalition is prohibited to use public funds for conducting or organising their election campaign. The provisions of § 12.4 of this Act apply to such prohibited income. For the purposes of this section, ‘public funds’ means state budget funds and local authority budget funds. |
14. Is there a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a political party during a non-election specific period? |
Code
Yes, for natural persons
Source
A political party is allowed to accept cash donations from a natural person to the extent of up to 1200 euros per financial year. Cash donations are immediately registered by a political party as revenue. |
15. If there is a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a political party during a non-election specific period, what is the limit? |
Code
EUR 1,200
Source
A political party is allowed to accept cash donations from a natural person to the extent of up to 1200 euros per financial year. Cash donations are immediately registered by a political party as revenue. |
16. Is there a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a political party during an election? |
Code
Yes, for natural persons
Comment
A limit on the amount of donation is not related to an election and is always the same. Source
A political party is allowed to accept cash donations from a natural person to the extent of up to 1200 euros per financial year. Cash donations are immediately registered by a political party as revenue. |
17. If there is a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a political party during an election, what is the limit? |
Code
EUR 1,200
Comment
A limit on the amount of donation is not related to an election and is always the same. Source
A political party is allowed to accept cash donations from a natural person to the extent of up to 1200 euros per financial year. Cash donations are immediately registered by a political party as revenue. |
18. Is there a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a candidate? |
Code
Yes, for natural persons
Source
The sources of funding of the election campaign of a single candidate include: A political party is allowed to accept cash donations from a natural person to the extent of up to 1200 euros per financial year. Cash donations are immediately registered by a political party as revenue. |
19. If there is a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a candidate, what is the limit? |
Code
EUR 1,200
Source
The sources of funding of the election campaign of a single candidate include: A political party is allowed to accept cash donations from a natural person to the extent of up to 1200 euros per financial year. Cash donations are immediately registered by a political party as revenue. |
20. Is there a limit on the amount a candidate can contribute to their own election campaign? |
Code
No
Comment
There is the limit of the cash donations, but candidate can use also personal property without limitation. Source
The sources of funding of the election campaign of a single candidate include: A political party is allowed to accept cash donations from a natural person to the extent of up to 1200 euros per financial year. Cash donations are immediately registered by a political party as revenue. |
21. Is there a limit on in-kind donations to political parties? |
Code
Yes
Comment
The donation limit is common for cash and in-kind donations. Source
A political party is allowed to accept cash donations from a natural person to the extent of up to 1200 euros per financial year. Cash donations are immediately registered by a political party as revenue. The usual value of the object or right serves as the basis for evaluation of a non-monetary donation. If there are generally acknowledged experts for evaluation of an object, the object of a non-monetary donation will be evaluated by them. If a non-monetary donation has been evaluated below its actual value, the difference between the values will be deemed a prohibited donation. |
22. Is there a limit on in-kind donations to candidates? |
Code
Yes
Comment
The donation limit is common for cash and in-kind donations. However, candidate can use personal property without limitation. Source
The sources of funding of the election campaign of a single candidate include: A political party is allowed to accept cash donations from a natural person to the extent of up to 1200 euros per financial year. Cash donations are immediately registered by a political party as revenue. The usual value of the object or right serves as the basis for evaluation of a non-monetary donation. If there are generally acknowledged experts for evaluation of an object, the object of a non-monetary donation will be evaluated by them. If a non-monetary donation has been evaluated below its actual value, the difference between the values will be deemed a prohibited donation. |
23. Is there a ban on political parties engaging in commercial activities? |
Code
Yes
Source
A political party cannot be a shareholder of any other legal person. Political parties are formed on the principle of territoriality. Political parties cannot found sub-units in institutions, enterprises or organisations. |
24. Is there a ban on political parties taking loans in relation to election campaigns? |
Code
Sometimes
Comment
The restriction applies without distinction to election related or non-election related. Source
(1) A political party may enter into a loan contract only if the lender is a credit institution and the lending and borrowing takes place on market conditions. A loan agreement may be secured only with the property of the political party or the suretyship of a member of the political party. |
25. Is there a ban on candidates taking loans in relation to election campaigns? |
Code
No
Comment
The regulation suggests that candidates, as natural persons, are able to take loans and to spend it on campaigns BUT the Law does not regulates that directly. Source
The sources of funding of the election campaign of a single candidate include: |
26. Is there a ban on donors to political parties/candidates participating in public tender/procurement processes? |
Code
No data
|
27. Are there provisions requiring donations to go through the banking system? |
Code
No
Comment
There are no explicit provisions requiring donations to go through the banking system. Source
Source: Political Parties Act, 1994 (amended 2014) |
Question | Value |
---|---|
28. Are there provisions for direct public funding to political parties? |
Code
Yes, regularly
Source
(1) A political party represented in the Riigikoguhas the right to receive an allocation from the state budget by the fifth date of each calendar month. The size of the monthly allocation is one twelfth of the annual amount. The size of the allocation is proportionate to the number of seats obtained in the elections of the Riigikogu. |
29. What are the eligibility criteria for political parties to receive public funding? |
Code
Source
(1) A political party represented in the Riigikoguhas the right to receive an allocation from the state budget by the fifth date of each calendar month. The size of the monthly allocation is one twelfth of the annual amount. The size of the allocation is proportionate to the number of seats obtained in the elections of the Riigikogu. |
30. What is the allocation calculation for political parties to receive public funding? |
Code
Proportional to votes received
Proportional to seats received
Source
(1) A political party represented in the Riigikoguhas the right to receive an allocation from the state budget by the fifth date of each calendar month. The size of the monthly allocation is one twelfth of the annual amount. The size of the allocation is proportionate to the number of seats obtained in the elections of the Riigikogu. |
31. What are the provisions on 'ear marking' direct public funding to political parties (how it should be used)? |
Code
No
Comment
There are no provisions for what direct public funding must be used. Source
Source: Political Parties Act, 1994 (amended 2014) |
32. Are there provisions for free or subsidized access to media for political parties? |
Code
No
Comment
There are no explicit provisions for free or subsidized access to media for political parties. Source
Source: Political Parties Act, 1994 (amended 2014) |
33. What criteria determine allocation for free or subsidized access to media for political parties? |
Code
Not applicable
|
34. Are there provisions for free or subsidized access to media for candidates? |
Code
No
Comment
There are no explicit provisions for free or subsidized access to media for candidates. Source
Source: Political Parties Act, 1994 (amended 2014) |
35. Are there provisions for any other form of indirect public funding? |
Code
Yes
Comment
Notices and advertisements relating to the election campaigns of political parties, election coalitions and independent candidates are exempt from advertisement tax. Source
Notices of state and local government agencies and notices and advertisements relating to the election campaigns of political parties, election coalitions and independent candidates are exempt from advertisement tax. |
36. Is the provision of direct public funding to political parties tied to gender equality among candidates? |
Code
No
Source
Source: Political Parties Act, 1994 (amended 2014) |
37. Are there provisions for other financial advantages to encourage gender equality in political parties? |
Code
No
Source
Source: Political Parties Act, 1994 (amended 2014) |
Question | Value |
---|---|
38. Is there a ban on vote buying? |
Code
Yes
Comment
(1) Preventing of a person from electing or being elected at an election or from voting at a referendum, and promising or providing of assets or other benefits with the intention of persuading the person not to exercise his or her election or voting rights or to exercise such rights in a certain way, and influencing of a person for the same purpose by use of an official position, violence, deception or dependent relationship of the person with the offender, is punishable by a pecuniary punishment or up to three years’ imprisonment. |
39. Are there limits on the amount a political party can spend? |
Code
No
Comment
There are no explicit provisions about limits on the amount a political party can spend. Source
Source: Political Parties Act, 1994 (amended 2014) |
40. If there are limits on the amount a political party can spend, what is the limit? |
Code
Not applicable
|
41. Are there limits on the amount a candidate can spend? |
Code
No
Comment
There are no explicit provisions about limits on the amount a candidate can spend. Source
Source: Political Parties Act, 1994 (amended 2014) |
42. If there are limits on the amount a candidate can spend, what is the limit? |
Code
Not applicable
|
43. Are there limits on the amount that third parties can spend on election campaign activities? |
Code
Yes, third parties banned from campaign spending
Comment
Third parties banned from campaign spending. However, as an exception, affiliated organisation of a political party can spend money on election campaign activities. Source
A donation that does not comply with the terms and conditions laid down in subsection (1) of this section is prohibited. Above all, the following is prohibited: […] For the purposes of this act ‘affiliated organisation of a political party’ means a foundation or a non-profit association whose founder or member the political party is and whose activities are aimed at the attainment of the goals and objectives of the political party laid down in § 1 of this Act. The requirements for political parties laid down in §§ 12.1–12.4of this Act also extend to the affiliated organisations of political parties. Donations of a political party to its affiliated organisation are permitted. A political party submits a report on the election campaign expenses of persons who ran in the list of the political party and on the election campaign expenses of affiliated organisations as well as the origins of the funds used to cover the expenses. |
44. Are there limits on traditional media advertising spending in relation to election campaigns? |
Code
No
Comment
There are no explicit provisions on traditional media advertising spending in relation to election campaigns. Source
Source: Political Parties Act, 1994 (amended 2014) |
45. Are there limits on online media advertising spending in relation to election campaigns? |
Code
No
Comment
There are no explicit provisions on online media advertising spending in relation to election campaigns. Source
Source: Political Parties Act, 1994 (amended 2014) |
46. Do any other restrictions on online media advertisement (beyond limits) exist? |
Code
No
Source
Source: Political Parties Act, 1994 (amended 2014) |
Question | Value |
---|---|
47. Do political parties have to report regularly on their finances? |
Code
Yes
Source
A political party will draw up a quarterly report on their expenses as of the end of the quarter and submit it to the political party funding supervision committee in the required form by the 10th date of the month following the quarter. The report will set out the expenses divided into the following categories: |
48. Do political parties have to report on their election campaign finances? |
Code
Yes
Source
(1) Political parties, election coalitions and single candidates submit to the political party funding supervision committee a report on the expenses of the Riigikogu, European Parliament or local authority council election campaign. The report is submitted to the political party funding supervision committee in the required form within one month from the election day. The election campaign report is published on the website of the political party funding supervision committee. |
49. Do candidates have to report on their election campaign finances? |
Code
Yes
Source
(1) Political parties, election coalitions and single candidates submit to the political party funding supervision committee a report on the expenses of the Riigikogu, European Parliament or local authority council election campaign. The report is submitted to the political party funding supervision committee in the required form within one month from the election day. The election campaign report is published on the website of the political party funding supervision committee. |
50. Do third parties have to report on election campaign finances? |
Code
Third parties are banned from participating in campaigns
Comment
Third parties are banned from campaign spending. However, as an exception, affiliated organisation of a political party can spend money on election campaign activities. A political party submits a report on the election campaign expenses of affiliated organizations. Source
(1) Political parties, election coalitions and single candidates submit to the political party funding supervision committee a report on the expenses of the Riigikogu, European Parliament or local authority council election campaign. The report is submitted to the political party funding supervision committee in the required form within one month from the election day. The election campaign report is published on the website of the political party funding supervision committee. |
51. Is information in reports from political parties and/or candidates to be made public? |
Code
Yes
Source
As of the end of the quarter, a political party will draw up a quarterly report on the revenues earned and loans obtained following the list of sources specified in subsection (2) of this section and submit it to the political party funding supervision committee in the required form by the tenth day of the month following the quarter. The report will set out the date specified in subsections (5) and (6) of this section. The report will be published on the website of the political party funding supervision committee. Upon publication of the report on the website of the political party funding supervision committee, the personal identification code specified in subsections (6) and (7) of this section will be replaced by the person’s date of birth. Political parties, election coalitions and single candidates submit to the political party funding supervision committee a report on the expenses of the Riigikogu, European Parliament or local authority council election campaign. The report is submitted to the political party funding supervision committee in the required form within one month from the election day. The election campaign report is published on the website of the political party funding supervision committee. |
52. Must reports from political parties and/or candidates reveal the identity of donors? |
Code
Yes
Source
(4)As of the end of the quarter, a political party will draw up a quarterly report on the revenues earned and loans obtained following the list of sources specified in subsection (2) of this section and submit it to the political party funding supervision committee in the required form by the tenth day of the month following the quarter. The report will set out the date specified in subsections (5) and (6) of this section. The report will be published on the website of the political party funding supervision committee. Upon publication of the report on the website of the political party funding supervision committee, the personal identification code specified in subsections (6) and (7) of this section will be replaced by the person’s date of birth. A single candidate indicates the type of the source of the funds specified in subsection 52(3) of this Act, which was used for the election campaign. The name and personal identification of the donator, the value of the donation and the date of accrual and, with regard to personal assets, the sum of money used for the election campaign are indicated with regard to a donation. The report is submitted and disclosed in accordance with the procedure provided for in subsection (1) of this section. |
53. Must reports from political parties and/or candidates include information on itemized income? |
Code
Yes
Comment
Both for political parties and candidates. Source
(4)As of the end of the quarter, a political party will draw up a quarterly report on the revenues earned and loans obtained following the list of sources specified in subsection (2) of this section and submit it to the political party funding supervision committee in the required form by the tenth day of the month following the quarter. The report will set out the date specified in subsections (5) and (6) of this section. The report will be published on the website of the political party funding supervision committee. Upon publication of the report on the website of the political party funding supervision committee, the personal identification code specified in subsections (6) and (7) of this section will be replaced by the person’s date of birth. A single candidate indicates the type of the source of the funds specified in subsection 52(3) of this Act, which was used for the election campaign. The name and personal identification of the donator, the value of the donation and the date of accrual and, with regard to personal assets, the sum of money used for the election campaign are indicated with regard to a donation. The report is submitted and disclosed in accordance with the procedure provided for in subsection (1) of this section. |
54. Must reports from political parties and/or candidates include information on itemized spending? |
Code
Yes
Comment
Both for political parties and candidates. Source
(8) A political party will draw up a quarterly report on their expenses as of the end of the quarter and submit it to the political party funding supervision committee in the required form by the 10thdate of the month following the quarter. The report will set out the expenses divided into the following categories: (9) The expenses of political activities specified in clause 1) of subsection (8) of this section will categorised in the report as follows: (1) Political parties, election coalitions and single candidates submit to the political party funding supervision committee a report on the expenses of the Riigikogu, European Parliament or local authority council election campaign. The report is submitted to the political party funding supervision committee in the required form within one month from the election day. The election campaign report is published on the website of the political party funding supervision committee. (5) A single candidate submits a report on the election campaign expenses and the origin of the funds used. (9) Expenses are recognised based on the following expense types: (10) The following is indicated in the report regarding expenses: |
55. Which institution(s) receives financial reports from political parties and/or candidates? |
Code
Special agency for political finance
Comment
Political Party Funding Supervision Committee receives financial reports from political parties and candidates. Source
(4)As of the end of the quarter, a political party will draw up a quarterly report on the revenues earned and loans obtained following the list of sources specified in subsection (2) of this section and submit it to the political party funding supervision committee in the required form by the tenth day of the month following the quarter. The report will set out the date specified in subsections (5) and (6) of this section. The report will be published on the website of the political party funding supervision committee. Upon publication of the report on the website of the political party funding supervision committee, the personal identification code specified in subsections (6) and (7) of this section will be replaced by the person’s date of birth. |
56. Which institution(s) is responsible for examining financial reports and/or investigating violations? |
Code
Special agency for political finance
Comment
Political Party Funding Supervision Committee is responsible for examining financial reports Source
The political party funding supervision committee verifies whether political parties, election coalitions and single candidates adhere to the requirements provided for in this Act. |
57. What power is granted to the institution(s) responsible for examining reports and/or investigating violations? |
Code
Refer for investigation
Carry out investigation
Request additional information from potential violator
Impose sanctions
Source
To perform the functions arising from subsections (1) and (11) of this section, the political party funding supervision committee has the right to demand that a political party, an election coalition or a single candidate undergo a special audit. The political party funding supervision committee will appoint an auditor by way of drawing lots among the certified auditors entered in the register of auditors. The name of the auditor and the reason of involving the auditor will be communicated to the party to the proceedings before involving the auditor, unless the matter needs to be attended to urgently or if the notification could impede the attainment of the purpose of the audit. The expenses of the audit are covered from the budget of the political party funding supervision committee. The political party funding supervision committee will establish a more detailed procedure for appointment of auditors. (1) The political party funding supervision committee will make a precept to a political party, a person running as a candidate in the list of a political party, an election coalition, a person running as a candidate in the list of an election coalition or a single candidate if the person: (2) In a precept a political party, a person running as a candidate in the list of a political party, an election coalition, a person running as a candidate in the list of an election coalition or a single candidate is required to: (2.1) If a political party that receives allocations from the state budget or a person who ran in the list of the political party has not transferred a donation to the state budget in any of the manners specified in subsections 12.4(1)–(3) of this Act or returned it to the donator, the government agency appointed on the basis of subsection 12.7(4) of this Act will reduce the support paid on the basis of subsections of 127(1) and (2) of this Act to the extent of the triple of the donation amount specified in the precept, but no more than to the extent of 20 per cent of the support. (6) To verify adherence to this Act, the political party funding supervision committee has the right to request documents from all the persons specified in subsection (1) of this section. The documents are requested in writing, indicating the purpose and legal ground of the request and referring to the possibilities of making a precept if the document is not submitted by the prescribed date. The term granted for the submission of a document must not be shorter than ten days. In the event of failure to comply with a precept specified in clauses 1211(1) 1)-3), 5) and 6) of this Act, the political party funding supervision committee may impose a coercive payment of up to 15 000 euros in accordance with the procedure provided for in the Substitutive Enforcement and Coercive Payments Act. |
58. What sanctions are provided for political finance infractions? |
Code
Comment
Possible loss of public funding can be reduced no more than to the extent of 20 per cent of the support. Numerous fines are set out in the §§ 12.12 and 12.14-12.19. Articles 12.14 -12.19 regulates such cases as: Source
(2.1) If a political party that receives allocations from the state budget or a person who ran in the list of the political party has not transferred a donation to the state budget in any of the manners specified in subsections 12.4(1)–(3) of this Act or returned it to the donator, the government agency appointed on the basis of subsection 12.7(4) of this Act will reduce the support paid on the basis of subsections of 12.7(1) and (2) of this Act to the extent of the triple of the donation amount specified in the precept, but no more than to the extent of 20 per cent of the support. In the event of failure to comply with a precept specified in clauses 1211(1) 1)-3), 5) and 6) of this Act, the political party funding supervision committee may impose a coercive payment of up to 15 000 euros in accordance with the procedure provided for in the Substitutive Enforcement and Coercive Payments Act. |