Natural resources feature prominently in many political and economic settlement processes after conflict. When these processes include constitutional reform, it may be expected that mechanisms for natural resource governance would be included in the new constitutional framework, but often this is not the case.
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India, the world’s largest democracy, has in recent years witnessed a significant transformation in political campaigning, particularly following the advent of digital media. Since 2014, there has been a noticeable surge in the use of social media for electoral campaigning and its appeal has continued to grow.
India faces extremely high exposure to ecological threats and, therefore, it is important to consider the effects of natural hazards on electoral processes in the country. This case study explores adaptive measures adopted by the Electoral Commission of India (ECI) to safeguard the electoral process from natural hazards on the subnational and national levels.
This case study of Timor-Leste (part of the Protecting Elections project) highlights how the institutional capacity of an electoral management body (EMB) to handle risks, challenges and crises can flow from the availability of skilled and experienced staff—rather than just from formal risk management processes.